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Human malaria is caused by five species of Plasmodium spp. Malaria is a public health problem reported worldwide especially in the African region (213 million or 93%), with an estimated 405,000 deaths from malaria globally in the year 2018 1. The results of this study will support the selection and careful interpretations of RDTs for a better diagnosis of Plasmodium mixed-species infections and appropriate treatment of malaria patients in endemic and non-endemic settings. Malaria RDTs targeting Pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH could detect a higher proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than microscopy, while RDTs targeting Pf-HRP2/Pv-specific LDH could detect a lower proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than PCR methods. This is the first study to summarize the discordant results between RDTs and microscopy/PCR in detecting Plasmodium mixed infections. The subgroup analysis between RDTs and PCR methods demonstrated that RDTs targeting Pf-specific HRP2/Pv-specific LDH could detect a significantly lower proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than PCR methods (p = 0.0005, OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.26–0.68). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that only RDTs targeting Pf-specific histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)/pan-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) could detect a significantly higher proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than microscopy (p = 0.004, OR = 8.46, 95% CI 2.75–26.1). Overall, the meta-analysis showed that RDTs could detect a significantly higher proportion of Plasmodium mixed infections than microscopy (p = 0.0007, OR = 3.33, 95% CI 1.66–6.68). Twenty-eight studies were included in the present study. Plots were drawn using RevMan (version 5.3 Cochrane Community). The estimates of the different proportions in each analysis group that were visually summarized in a forest plot showed the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Studies were grouped according to the different RDT types including RDT type 2 (pf-HRP2/pan-aldolase), RDT type 3 (pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH), RDT type 4 (Pf-LDH/pan-pLDH), RDT type 5 (Pf/Pv-pLDH), and RDT type 6 (pf-HRP2/Pv-pLDH) for subgroup analysis. The PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and Scopus databases were systematically reviewed to identify related studies that reported the performance of RDTs in detecting Plasmodium mixed infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the discordant results between RDTs and microscopy/polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detecting Plasmodium mixed infections. Nevertheless, little is known about the performance of RDTs in detecting Plasmodium mixed infections. Population sample size: n= 607 from 100 selected random households to recruit children 6 months to 11 years old (Uganda), n=493 from visited households to recruit children and adults as part of an ongoing study to assess mass drug administration for malaria elimination (Myanmar), n=93 whole blood specimens from 16 human volunteers.Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used to detect malaria parasites among patients who suspected malaria infections in malaria-endemic areas where microscopy is unavailable. Inclusion criteria: no fever history in the previous 7 days, axillary temperature less than 37.5☌, absence of other clinical signs of malaria, and no malaria treatment within the previous 60 days. RDT (RDT), the hsRDT uses the same immunochromatographic cassette platform, has the same whole blood volume requirements (5 µL), and takes only 5 minutes longer to result, making this device a promising and highly sensitive field tool.Ī quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for histidine-rich protein II (HRP2) were used as reference assays. Compared with the current commercial HRP2-based SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f. An Alere ™ Malaria Ag P.f Ultra Sensitive RDT (hsRDT) was developed for field use and evaluated for detection of low-density infections. Although laboratory assays are more sensitive than microscopy and RDTs, they are also more expensive, require highly trained personnel, take longer to produce results, and are more difficult to deploy for large-scale field use. Weight ⇀ Volume Choose a temperature unit and a value to convert to other units: Unit: Value: Click Here to Convert 165 degrees Celsius is the same as: Gas mark 3 329 degrees Fahrenheit (☏) 155 electricity oven (☌) 145 remaining 1/2 teaspoon of kosher salt, oregano, thyme, red pepper flakes, black pepper, and garlic. Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion formula is all about converting the temperature denoting in Celsius to Fahrenheit. What is 165 Celsius in Fahrenheit? How hot is 165 degrees Celsius? Translate 165° from C to F. A tone will be heard, and the symbol “C°” will momentarily show on the display. How to Convert 165 c to f? Step 1: To convert 165 c to f, you should remember that f equals a Temperature Conversion Chart herefor all your baking needs. How to Convert 175 c to f? Step 1: To convert 175 c to f, you should remember that f equals a c multiply 175 into 9/5 then add final value to 32. Chicken is safe to eat and ready for the dinner table when the internal temperature reaches 165☏. A full roast will Step 1: To convert 165 c to f, you should remember that f equals a c multiply 165 into 9/5 then add final value to 32. A moderate oven temperature is often a range of 180 to 190 C (350-375 F), and a hot temperature is above 200-230 C (400-450 F). Rest the meat for 15-30 minutes in a warm place. g… fan bake 160, ordinary baking 180 or are some of them not suitable for . The temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit (☏) is equal to the temperature T in degrees Celsius (☌) times 9/5 plus 32, that conversion formula. Celsius and casseroles: Leftovers and casseroles : 165: Seafood: Fish with fins: 145 or cook. Step 4: Hence, the answer is 175 c = 347 f. To control the temperature of most Whirlpool ovens, press and hold the “Custom Broil” button for around five seconds. First, make the filling by placing all the ingredients in a large bowl and tossing gently with your fingers until. Step 2: first, multiply 165 into 9/5 and then. The two temperature scales are equal at -40°. 165 Celsius To Fahrenheit Oventemperature to Celsius and/or Fahrenheit: . |